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SleepTools

Data sources

Every paper SleepTools cites.

A flat index of the peer-reviewed papers, clinical guidelines, and consensus statements behind every SleepTools calculator. For the formulas themselves, see the methodology page.

64 sources

  • American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014: School start times for adolescents (policy statement)

    Used by: Teen Sleep

  • American Academy of Pediatrics: pediatric sleep guidance

    Used by: How Much Sleep

  • American Academy of Sleep Medicine: circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder guidelines

    Used by: Schedule Fixer

  • American Academy of Sleep Medicine: clinical practice guidelines on adult sleep duration

    Used by: How Much Sleep

  • Aserinsky & Kleitman, 1953: Regularly occurring periods of eye motility (REM discovery)

    Used by: Sleep Cycle

  • Banks & Dinges, 2007: Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction

    Used by: Sleep Debt

  • Belenky et al., 2003: Patterns of performance degradation during sleep restriction (dose-response model)

    Used by: Sleep Banking

  • Boivin & James, 2002: Light treatment and circadian adaptation to shift work

    Used by: Shift Work

  • Breus, 2016: The Power of When (Lion/Bear/Wolf/Dolphin classification)

    Used by: Chronotype

  • Brzezinski et al., 2005: Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep — a meta-analysis

    Used by: Melatonin Timing

  • Buysse et al., 1989: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

    Used by: Quality Score

  • Carskadon & Dement, 2011: Normal human sleep, an overview (Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 5th ed.)

    Used by: Sleep Cycle, Bedtime, Wake-Up Time

  • Carskadon & Rechtschaffen, 2005: Monitoring and staging human sleep

    Used by: Sleep Cycle

  • Carskadon & Rechtschaffen, 2005: Normal human sleep — stages reference

    Used by: Nap

  • Carskadon et al., 1998 / 2002: Adolescent circadian phase delay and pubertal sleep regulation

    Used by: Teen Sleep

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: sleep duration by age

    Used by: How Much Sleep

  • Colrain et al., 2014: Alcohol and the sleeping brain

    Used by: Alcohol and Sleep

  • Czeisler et al., 1981: Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker

    Used by: Schedule Fixer

  • Czeisler et al., 1990: Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work

    Used by: Shift Work

  • Dement & Kleitman, 1957: Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming (the 90-minute sleep cycle)

    Used by: Sleep Cycle

  • Dinges, 1992: Power naps and alertness

    Used by: Nap

  • Dinges, 1995: An overview of sleepiness and accidents (cumulative debt and performance)

    Used by: Sleep Debt

  • Drake et al., 2013: Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 h before going to bed

    Used by: Caffeine Cutoff

  • Eastman & Burgess, 2009: How to travel the world without jet lag

    Used by: Jet Lag

  • Ebrahim et al., 2013: Alcohol and sleep I — effects on normal sleep (meta-analysis)

    Used by: Alcohol and Sleep

  • Hafner et al., 2017 (RAND): Why sleep matters — the economic costs of insufficient sleep (population-level context)

    Used by: Deprivation Cost

  • Herxheimer & Petrie, 2002: Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag (Cochrane review)

    Used by: Jet Lag

  • Hirshkowitz et al. (NSF), 2015: National Sleep Foundation sleep duration recommendations

    Used by: Baby Sleep

  • Hirshkowitz et al. (NSF), 2015: National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations

    Used by: How Much Sleep

  • Hirshkowitz et al. (NSF), 2015: sleep duration recommendations

    Used by: Teen Sleep

  • Horne & Östberg, 1976: A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness

    Used by: Chronotype

  • Huckleberry: published age-based wake-window data

    Used by: Baby Sleep

  • Jenni & O'Connor, 2005: Children's sleep, an interplay between culture and biology (nap transitions)

    Used by: Baby Sleep

  • Lewy et al., 1984: Melatonin shifts human circadian rhythms according to a phase-response curve

    Used by: Schedule Fixer

  • Lewy et al., 1992 / 1998: Melatonin phase-shifting and DLMO foundational research

    Used by: Melatonin Timing

  • Lewy et al., 2006: The dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) as a marker of circadian phase

    Used by: Melatonin Timing

  • Lovato & Lack, 2010: Sleep inertia and nap length

    Used by: Nap

  • Mah et al., 2011: The effects of sleep extension on athletic performance

    Used by: Sleep Banking

  • Mednick et al., 2002: Nap stage composition and cognitive benefits

    Used by: Nap

  • Monk, 2005: Circadian post-lunch dip and nap timing

    Used by: Nap

  • Moon et al. (AAP), 2022: Sleep-Related Infant Deaths. Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment

    Used by: Baby Sleep

  • Morin et al., 2011: The Insomnia Severity Index — psychometric indicators

    Used by: Quality Score

  • Mundey et al., 2005: Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin

    Used by: Schedule Fixer, Melatonin Timing

  • National Sleep Foundation, 2014: Sleep Health Index methodology

    Used by: Quality Score

  • National Sleep Foundation, 2015: age-based sleep duration consensus

    Used by: Bedtime

  • National Sleep Foundation, 2015: sleep duration recommendations

    Used by: Sleep Debt

  • Nehlig et al., 1992: Caffeine and the central nervous system (pharmacokinetics)

    Used by: Caffeine Cutoff

  • Ohayon et al., 2004: Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age

    Used by: Sleep Cycle, Bedtime, Wake-Up Time

  • Paruthi et al. (AAP/AASM), 2016: Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations

    Used by: Baby Sleep

  • Roehrs & Roth, 2001: Sleep, sleepiness, and alcohol use

    Used by: Alcohol and Sleep

  • Roenneberg et al., 2003: Life between clocks — daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes (MCTQ)

    Used by: Chronotype

  • Rupp, Wesensten & Balkin, 2009: Banking sleep — realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery

    Used by: Sleep Banking

  • Sack et al., 2007 (AASM): Circadian rhythm sleep disorders — clinical practice guidelines

    Used by: Shift Work

  • Sack, 2010: Jet lag (NEJM clinical review)

    Used by: Jet Lag

  • Searle, 2015: Alcohol calculations and their uncertainty (modern Widmark validation)

    Used by: Alcohol and Sleep

  • Smith et al., 1999: Forward vs backward shift rotation

    Used by: Shift Work

  • Tassi & Muzet, 2000: sleep inertia review

    Used by: Wake-Up Time

  • Van Dongen et al., 2003: Cumulative cost of additional wakefulness — dose-response of sleep loss on neurobehavioral functions

    Used by: Sleep Debt, Deprivation Cost

  • Walker et al., 2002: Practice with sleep makes perfect — sleep-dependent motor skill learning (REM and memory)

    Used by: Sleep Cycle

  • Waterhouse et al., 2007: Jet lag — trends and coping strategies

    Used by: Jet Lag

  • Widmark, 1932: Formula for blood alcohol concentration estimation

    Used by: Alcohol and Sleep

  • Williamson & Feyer, 2000: Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments equivalent to alcohol intoxication

    Used by: Deprivation Cost

  • Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998: Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents

    Used by: Teen Sleep

  • Xie et al., 2013: Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain (glymphatic system in N3)

    Used by: Sleep Cycle

These tools are for informational purposes only and are not a substitute for medical advice. For sleep disorders or persistent sleep difficulties, consult a healthcare provider.