Data sources
Every paper SleepTools cites.
A flat index of the peer-reviewed papers, clinical guidelines, and consensus statements behind every SleepTools calculator. For the formulas themselves, see the methodology page.
35 sources
American Academy of Pediatrics: pediatric sleep guidance
Used by: How Much Sleep
American Academy of Pediatrics: recommended infant and toddler sleep durations
Used by: Baby Sleep
American Academy of Pediatrics: school start times policy statement
Used by: Teen Sleep
American Academy of Sleep Medicine: adolescent sleep duration position statement
Used by: Teen Sleep
American Academy of Sleep Medicine: circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder guidelines
Used by: Schedule Fixer
American Academy of Sleep Medicine: clinical practice guidelines for shift work disorder
Used by: Shift Work
Banks & Dinges, 2007: Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction
Used by: Sleep Debt
Belenky et al., 2003: Patterns of performance degradation during sleep restriction
Used by: Deprivation Cost
Breus, 2016: The Power of When (chronotype classification)
Used by: Chronotype
Brzezinski et al., 2005: Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: meta-analysis
Used by: Melatonin Timing
Burgess & Emens, 2016: Drugs used in circadian sleep–wake rhythm disturbances
Used by: Melatonin Timing
Buysse et al., 1989: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Used by: Quality Score
Carskadon et al.: adolescent circadian phase delay research
Used by: Teen Sleep
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: sleep duration by age
Used by: How Much Sleep
Drake et al., 2013: Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 h before going to bed
Used by: Caffeine Cutoff
Eastman & Burgess, 2009: How to travel the world without jet lag
Used by: Shift Work, Jet Lag, Schedule Fixer
Ebrahim et al., 2013: Alcohol and sleep I: effects on normal sleep (meta-analysis)
Used by: Alcohol and Sleep
Hafner et al., 2017 (RAND): Why sleep matters: the economic costs of insufficient sleep
Used by: Deprivation Cost
Hirshkowitz et al. (NSF), 2015: National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations
Used by: How Much Sleep
Hirshkowitz et al. (NSF), 2015: sleep duration recommendations
Used by: Baby Sleep
Horne & Östberg, 1976: A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness
Used by: Chronotype
Huckleberry: published age-based wake-window data
Used by: Baby Sleep
Institoris et al.: CYP1A2 metabolizer phenotypes
Used by: Caffeine Cutoff
Kleitman & Dement, 1957: REM cycle polysomnography
Used by: Sleep Cycle, Bedtime, Wake-Up Time
Kleitman & Dement, 1957: sleep cycle structure
Used by: Nap
Lewy et al., 2006: The dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) as a marker of circadian phase
Used by: Melatonin Timing
Lovato & Lack, 2010: sleep inertia and nap length
Used by: Nap
NASA-Ames, 1995: Flight Crew Nap Study (Rosekind et al.)
Used by: Nap
National Sleep Foundation, 2015: age-based sleep duration consensus
Used by: Bedtime
National Sleep Foundation, 2015: sleep duration recommendations
Used by: Sleep Debt
National Sleep Foundation: sleep-onset latency norms
Used by: Sleep Cycle
Rupp, Wesensten & Balkin, 2009: Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery
Used by: Sleep Banking
Sack, 2010: Jet lag (NEJM clinical review)
Used by: Jet Lag
Tassi & Muzet, 2000: sleep inertia review
Used by: Wake-Up Time
Widmark, 1932: formula for blood alcohol concentration estimation
Used by: Alcohol and Sleep
These tools are for informational purposes only and are not a substitute for medical advice. For sleep disorders or persistent sleep difficulties, consult a healthcare provider.